1999 World Events · Post-Cold War transition and asymmetric shock
Panama Canal handover to Panama
The United States transferred full control of the Panama Canal to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter treaties.
Evidence-led reading
What is stated, why it matters, and what remains uncertain
What this is
A specific-event record selected from the protected World Events source ledger for cross-year research. It is not an exhaustive account of 1999.
Why it matters
It changed governance of a strategic chokepoint central to global shipping.
What is established here
The page faithfully exposes the submitted record and its source boundary. No claim-level evidence packet has yet upgraded the record beyond a research starting point.
What remains uncertain
Starting-point source from the submitted dataset; verify exact dates, attribution, legal posture, casualty figures, and current status before reuse.
Record narrative
Source-bounded summary
The United States transferred full control of the Panama Canal to Panama under the Torrijos-Carter treaties.
It changed governance of a strategic chokepoint central to global shipping.
Structured fields
Record at a glance
- Stable record ID
- 1999-008
- Date or period
- 1999-12-31
- Type
- Geopolitical transfer
- Focus
- Infrastructure / trade
- Impact scope
- Global
- Priority
- 4 of 5
- Location label
- Panama City, Panama
- Coordinate precision
- City-level coordinate
- Actors named by the source record
- United States; Panama
- Verification state
- source-start-point; sensitive details require independent verification
Geographic context
A coordinate locator, not a surveyed event footprint
The submitted record supplies 8.9824, -79.5199 with the precision label “City-level coordinate.” Multi-location events, disputed borders, campaigns, and broad regions cannot be reduced to one point.
Review location and coordinate boundariesSource and verification boundary
This remains a starting-point record
Starting-point source from the submitted dataset; verify exact dates, attribution, legal posture, casualty figures, and current status before reuse.
Citation and correction
Use the stable record ID and challenge individual propositions
A correction may concern the date, place, actors, attribution, legal status, figures, coordinate precision, source characterization, or why-pivotal summary without invalidating every other field.
2IA — International Intelligence Archive. “Panama Canal handover to Panama.” World Events record 1999-008. Reviewed July 27, 2026. https://2ix.org/world-events/1999/1999-008/